A Study in Image Watermarking Schemes using Neural Networks

The digital watermarking technique, an effective way to protect image, has become the research focus on neural network. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief study on broad theories and discuss the different types of neural networks for image watermarking. Most of the research interest image watermarking based on neural network in discrete wavelet transform or discrete cosine transform. Generally image watermarking based on neural network to solve the problem on to reduce the error, improve the rate of the learning, achieves goods imperceptibility and robustness. It will be useful for researches to implement effective image watermarking by using neural network

A Study on Lasunathabitham

The Siddhars separately mentioned many diseases and treatment pertaining to the pediatric community called “Balavagadam”. • Lasunathabitham (Tonsillitis) is one of the common ailment in pediatric age group. The author’s aim is to safeguard the children from the disease and its complications. • In Siddha literatures there are only a few evidences about the topic, however the symptoms mentioned in various Kabha diseases which are also the symptoms of Lasunathabitham have been analysed and discussed here. • Lasunathabitham = Lasunam + Thabitham. The word Lasunam is described in Udal Kooru – Dr. R. Thyagarajan L.I.M. The term meaning Tonsil and thus Lasunathabitham meaning Tonsillitis. • The symptoms of Lasunathabitham almost correlates with Tonsillitis of Modern medicine. • A clinical trial was carried out in Govt. Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai. • Cases were selected from both Out–patient and In–patient department of P.G. Kuzhanthai Maruthuvam. • All patients selected were between the age group of 4years to 12years, including both sexes. • 20 cases were selected and admitted in the in-patient ward of Govt. Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai. • Parameters of case selection are Sore – throat, Dysphagia, Cough, Fever, Inflammation of Tonsil, Cervical lymphadenitis. • Diagnosis was made using both Siddha aspects and modern aspects. • Children in the age group of 6 to 11 yrs. (School going) 65% are mostly affected. • The important factor causing the disease is consumption of cold foodstuffs like ice creams, ice-cold water etc. (50%) other important causes are drinking of contaminated water and climatic changes. • The disease is more common in rainfall (60%) and summer (10%) ie. Kaar, Koothir and Elavenil. • Derangement of Uyir thaadhukal: Vatham – Vyanan derangement is seen in all patients and kirugaran also showed its derangements in some. Pitham – Saadhagam is affected in many patients, Ranjagam in half of them and Analam is the next affected pitham. Kabham – Avalampagam is affected in all cases; Kiledhagam was affected in almost half of the cases and podhamgam in a few. Derangement of Udal thaadhukal: Saram and seneer are commonly affected. • The medicines taken for the study in management of the disease are (1) Kalluppu Maathirai - ½ tab. (500mg) o.d. in the morning (before food). (2) Akaragara Kudineer - 30ml B.D. (also for gargling). (3) Sukku – Amukra Pattru (SOS)- 5g (approx) as External application over the submandibular cervical region(cervical lymphadenopathy). • Patients were advised to avoid cool climate and chill atmospheres, to avoid cold foodstuffs like ice creams, ice-cold water and from drinking contaminated water and to improve general hygienic measures. • At the end of the treatment the lab investigations showed reduction in leucocytes (which had been already increased due to disease), reduction in ESR (which had been already increased due to disease) and HB% increased. • The Pharmacological studies revealed that all three drugs have significant Analgesic, Anti-pyretic, Acute and chronic Antiinflammatory actions. The Biochemical analysis revealed that the drugs contained essential nutrients for growing children. The Micro –Biological Analysis showed that Kalluppu Maathirai was moderately sensitive against streptococci and staphylococci. • Results are good in 90% and fair in 10%. No side effects were observed. • The drugs Kalluppu Maathirai, Akaragara Kudineer and Sukku- Amukra Pattru were found to be good in the treatment of Lasunathabitham. CONCLUSION: Lasunathabitham, a common respiratory tract infection was chosen as the dissertation topic and treated with trial drugs namely, Kalluppu Maathirai, Akaragara Kudineer (internal medicines), and Sukku-Amukra pattru (external medicine). The course and dose of the medicines are adjusted according to the age and weight of the child. The results are good in 90% of cases and fair in 10% of cases. The cost of the trial medicines are comparatively low. No adverse or side effects were produced during the course of treatment. So, it is concluded that the trial medicines mentioned above can be considered effective in treatment of Lasunathabitham (Tonsillitis)

A comparitive study of indications and fetomaternal outcomes in primary cesarean section in primi and multi gravida

INTRODUCTION: As the current price in caesarean delivery has profound impact on maternal and child health, there are also social and economical repercussions associated with increase in caesareans that are not yet well understood. This dissertation examined several increasingly common factors including induction of labour and advanced maternal age that might also be associated with increased risk or increased likelihood of caesarean delivery. Additionally provider characteristics and experienced information were collected via a comparative study to explore clinician level information to identify factors that cause rise in caesarean section. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the incidence and more common indications in primigravida and multigravida undergoing primary caesarean section, and hence help in reducing caesarean section rates wherever possible by knowing unnecessary indications. We also study the fetomaternal outcome in both groups and thereafter evaluate where we can intervene to improve the same, and hence reduce maternal morbidity and improve fetal outcome. MATERIALS AND METHOD: SOURCE OF DATA; Patients admitted in Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, undergoing primary cesarean section, between July 2016 and June 2017. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Sample Size: 200 women 18-30yrs of age undergoing primary caesarean section. Place of Study: Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem. Period of study: July 2016-June 2017. 200 patients aged 18-30 years pregnancy >28wks undergoing primary caesarean section (100 will be primi and 100 will be multigravda) will be included in this prospective, randomized, study after obtaining approval of the local ethical committee and an informed written consent from all participants Inclusion Criteria: 1. Women between 18-30 years, 2. with > 28wks of gestation, 3. without previous uterine surgeries. Exclusion Criteria: 1. patient refusal, 2. previous lscs, 3. previous hysterotomy, 4. previous myomectomy, 5. detoriation of renal/liver function. RESULTS: Statistical methods: Gravida, Age, Indications like Fetal distress, CPD, Malpresentation, Placenta previa, failed induction, non progression of labour, obstructed labour, IUGR, severe oligohydramnios were compared. Maternal outcomes like PPH, Blood transfusions postoperatively, post op fever/Wound sepsis, Newborn APGAR and NICU admissions are considered as outcome variables. Primigravida and multigravida who are all underwent caesarean section for the first time were consider as primary explanatory variable. Demographic age, was consider as other explanatory variable. Descriptive analysis: Descriptive analysis was carried out by mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency and proportion for categorical variables. Data was also represented using appropriate diagrams like bar diagram, pie diagram and box plots. Both the study groups, were compared with respect to all the potential confounding baseline variables. CONCLUSION: Our study is a comparative study including 200 patients, 100 primigravida and 100 multigravida, done over the period of one year during June 2016 to June 2017 in our hospital, Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College Hospital, Salem. The need for the study is the increasing rates of caesarean delivery all over and also in our institution, and hence a study of indications and fetomaternal outcomes would be of help in reducing the same. Age distribution in this study group, maximum number of primigravidas were < 25yrs and in multigravidas maximum number were in 31-35 years. Those who were < 25years are prone for adolescent health problems like anaemia, where as multigravidas are prone for age related disease like hypertensive disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, incidence of big baby ,spondylolisthesis of joints. These age related problems are risk factors for caesarean section. Indications & fetomaternal outcomes were compared in both groups. In this study, among the indications, most common was failed induction of labour. Caesarean section done for non progression of labour was significantly high in multigravida compared to primigravida. Analysing the most common indication in primigravida, we found that fetal distress was the first common indication. The maternal outcome was measured in terms of PPH, wound infection and wound sepsis. PPH was most common in multigravida due to the obvious reason of atony being commoner in multi, and also our observation that non-progress being the most common indication in multi, there was more chances of extension of LSCS incisions due to thinned out lower segment and more atonicity in the second stage of labour. This is due to the fact that most multigravida are admitted or referred in the later stage of labour after tolerating more pain or after waiting for normal labour upto later stage. This can be reduced by earlier admission and earlier referrals. The incidence of wound infection was equal in both the primi and multigravida and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Regarding the fetal outcomes, the NICU admissions were more in the multigravida. Our inference is that, this is due to nonprogress of labour being more common in the multi meaning that delayed decision for caesarean in these patients were the cause for NICU admissions being more in this group. Though the primi group was taken up more for fetal distress the apgar scores and NICU admissions were better in them. Our conclusion is that this maybe the group having unnecessary sections due to early interventions. This can be reduced by more standardised fetal heart monitoring and avoiding hasty decisions

Energy-Efficient Multiple Relay Selection in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive Radios play very important role in military applications due to their capability to adapt intelligently according to the prevailing environmental conditions. Relays form the main communication enablers in infrastructure-less networks. In this paper, relay selection for increasing the energy efficiency of a cognitive radio network is considered. The proposed approach considers the multiple - relay selection scheme with strict outage probability constraints. Energy maximisation is posed as an optimisation problem, the solution to which shows that relay selection under outage constraints is different from the one without such a constraint. It can be observed from the simulations that energy efficiency and outage behaviour follows trade-off relations. Moreover, the original Branch and Bound algorithm has been re-designed for faster convergence. It has also been demonstrated that when strict outage constraints are imposed, the optimal number of relays selected will be more in comparison to the case where there is no outage consideration

An Adaptive Tracking for Moving Targets in Shadows and poor Illuminations

Tracking is an interesting area of research. It has to meet several challenges in real-time. There is a more noteworthy possibility of missing the objective. Again the target may be single or multiple. Each one is having its speed. The biggest obstacle is when the target meets the shadow of some object or itself, the intensity of the target changes severely. This results in missing the target. In this proposed paper, an adaptive algorithm using the Difference method with normalized values indexed with Vegetation parameters (NDVI) is utilized to differentiate the target from shadows followed by tracking the desired object which may be moving at different speeds by an improved optical flow algorithm. Thus, this proposed method aims to follow the object along with challenging illuminations and in the presence of shadows. This is particularly useful to follow the objects successfully on both internal and out-of-doors scenes in shadows. Examination and comparison of various videos in MAT Lab with standard data set indicate that this method yields a better tracking result with state of art method

ROLE OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN POVERTY REDUCTION AMONG TRIBALS IN WESTERN GHATS OF TAMILNADU

The enormous natural resources of India's forests including Non-Wood forest products (NWFPs), such as medicinal and aromatic plants, leaves, seeds, nuts, fruits and gums offer employment that provide up to half the income of about 25 % of the country's rural labor force. Despite of the potential benefits that are offered by non-wood forest products, it has been widely documented that forest still offers little in terms of opportunities for expanding livelihood options and assets required to reduce livelihood vulnerability. Based on this, a study was carried out to determine the contribution of NWFPs towards poverty reduction by assessing potentials and constraints experienced by adjacent local communities towards their exploitation. The specific objective of the study is to assess the role of NWFPs contribution to tribal income and also influence on the poverty reduction. The study was conducted in Kodaikanal and Palani range in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu state. The data were collected personally in cooperation with forest officers and other officials of the district by using pre-tested interview schedule. The findings reveals that the 65 selected households involved for collection of myrobalam (kadukkai), honey, amla, broom grass, stone flower, pepper, and coffee. These products were easily accessible and available to them and these activities are the important source of employment and income. The tribes earned at an average per day, from the collection of NWFPs of Rs700 for broom grass, Rs.650 for kadukkai, Rs.600 for amla, Rs.500 for pepper, and Rs.400 for coffee and stone flower. Regarding honey collection, the tribes earned Rs.400 per liter. Majority of the respondents (92.3 %) were facing the problems related to lack of transport facilities for NWFPs existence of bad weather (76.9 %), deforestation(69.2 %), fluctuated market price (61.5 %), lack of storage facilities for NWFPs (56.9 %), over collection of outsiders (38.4 %), low infrastructure facilities for NWFPs (18.4 %), lack of skill oriented training for NWFPs(16.9 %) and lack of timely information for marketing of NWFPs (15.3 %). It is suggested that there is a need to take necessary steps by the government to eliminate these existing problems faced by the respondent of study area. Respondents expected nearby Ration shop and Primary health centre from the district authority

Pilot Design for Sparse Channel Estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2018, nr 2

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a well-known technique used in modern wide band wireless communication systems. Coherent OFDM systems achieve its advantages over a multipath fading channel, if channel impulse response is estimated precisely at the receiver. Pilot-aided channel estimation in wide band OFDM systems adopts the recently explored compressive sensing technique to decrease the transmission overhead of pilot subcarriers, since it exploits the inherent sparsity of the wireless fading channel. The accuracy of compressive sensing techniques in sparse channel estimation is based on the location of pilots among OFDM subcarriers. A sufficient condition for the optimal pilot selection from Sylow subgroups is derived. A Sylow subgroup does not exist for most practical OFDM systems. Therefore, a deterministic pilot search algorithm is described to select pilot locations based on minimizing coherence, along with minimum variance. Simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of bit error rate, compared to the existing solutions

An Adaptive Tracking for Moving Targets in Shadows and Poor Illuminations

122-128Tracking is an interesting area of research. It has to meet several challenges in real-time. There is a more noteworthy possibility of missing the objective. Again, the target may be single or multiple. Each one is having its speed. The biggest obstacle is when the target meets the shadow of some object or itself, the intensity of the target changes severely. This results in missing the target. In this proposed paper, an adaptive algorithm using the Difference method with normalized values indexed with Vegetation parameters (NDVI) is utilized to differentiate the target from shadows followed by tracking the desired object which may be moving at different speeds by an improved optical flow algorithm. Thus, this proposed method aims to follow the object along with challenging illuminations and in the presence of shadows. This is particularly useful to follow the objects successfully on both internal and out-of-doors scenes in shadows. Examination and comparison of various videos in MAT Lab with standard data set indicate that this method yields a better tracking result with state of art methods

Genetic diversity analysis using molecular marker in Terminalia chebula

Terminalia chebula is an important medicinal plant, extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicines. The present study was aimed to reveal its genetic diversity based on molecular markers from twelve T. chebula accessions. Molecular diversity was studied using RAPD markers. A total of 8 polymorphic primers produced 314 polymorphic bands and 195 monomorphic bands. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPMGA) dendrogram divided the accessions into 2 major clusters. Accession IIHRTc2 and IIHRTc10 showed maximum genetic diversity with 55% similarity. This characterization based on molecular markers will help in identification of economically useful accessions for further crop improvement programme

Structure of cholest-5-en-3β-oxy-5-bromopentane by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 130 K

Cholest-5-en-3&#946;-oxy-5-bromopentane (1) and cholest-5-en-3&#946;-oxy-11-bromoundecane (2), key precursors for the synthesis of novel cationic amphiphiles based on cholesterol, have been synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Thermal disorder and effect of length of the bromoalkyl segment on the crystal structure have been investigated. Possible molecular level explanation of the unusual alternating s-trans-gauche conformation of the bromopentyl side chain of (1) has been presented